Syllabus and Readings
＜weak 1 to 3: theories and disciplines＞
Cheng, Tun-jen and Stephan Haggard, 1992
Regime Transformation in Taiwan: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives. In Tun-jen Cheng and Stephan Haggard, eds., Political Change in Taiwan. Boulder, Col.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 1-29.
Cheng, T. J. and Andrew D. Marble, 2004
Taiwan Studies and the Social Sciences. Issues & Studies 40, no. 3/4, pp. 9-57.
Clark, Cal, 1989
Taiwan’s Development: Implications for Contending Political Economy Paradigms. Chap.1 (The Puzzle of Rapid Growth in Taiwan) and Chap. 2 (Alternative Paradigms of Development), pp. 1-9; 13-50.
Fell, Dafydd, 2012
Government and Politics in Taiwan. Chap. 1 to Chap.3.
Huntington, Samuel P., 1991
The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Chap. 3 to Chap. 5.
Hsiao, Hsin-Huang Michael, 2012
Social Foundations of Political Vitality. In Steve Tsang, ed., The Vitality of Taiwan: Politics, Economics, Society and Culture. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 37-56.
Lee, Junhan, 2002
Primary Causes of Asian Democratization: Dispelling Conventional Myths. Asian Survey, Vol. 42, No. 6 (November/December 2002), pp. 821-837.
Lin, Jih-Wen, 2016
The PRC as a Player in Taiwan’s Domestic Politics: A Two-Level Game Analysis. In Gunter Schubert, ed., Taiwan and the ‘China Factor’: Challenges and Opportunities. London: Routledge, pp. 15-35.
Rigger, Shelley, 2003
Political Science and Taiwan’s Domestic Politics: the State of the Field. Issues & Studies 38(4/39), no. 1, pp. 49-92.
Rigger, Shelley, 2012
The Resilience and Dynamism of Taiwan’s Democratic System. In Steve Tsang, ed., The Vitality of Taiwan: Politics, Economics, Society and Culture. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 19-36.
Tsang, Steve, 2012
Forces behind the Vitality of Taiwan. In Steve Tsang, ed., The Vitality of Taiwan: Politics, Economics, Society and Culture. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1-18.
Whitehead, Laurence, 2007
Taiwan’s Democratization: A Critical Test for the International Dimensions Perspective. Paper presented in International Conference on the After the Third Wave: Problems and Challenges for the New Democracies. August 13th -14th, 2007, Taipei: Taiwan.
Winckler, Edwin A., 2001
Regime Type and Regime Change on Taiwan: Some Conceptual Issues and Comparative Implications. In The Taiwan Studies Promotion Committee of Academia Sinica, ed., Change of an Authoritarian Regime: Taiwan in the Post-Martial Law Era. Taipei: Institute of Taiwan History (Preparatory Office), Academia Sinica, pp. 19-62.
Wu, Yu-Shan, 2013
Comparing Taiwan and the CEE Trio: the Impact of Social and Institutional Factors on Democracy. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, Special Issue, 103-127.
Sullivan, Jonathan, 2011
Is Taiwan Studies in Decline? The China Quarterly, Vol. 207 (September), pp. 706–718.
＜weak 3 to 5: constitutions and institutions after 1945＞
沈有忠(Yu-chung Shen)，2012
〈半總統制「權力總統化」之比較研究〉。《臺灣民主季刊》，第9卷，第4期，頁1-36。(Comparative Research on the“Power Presidentialization”of Semi-Presidentialism)
蘇子喬(Tzu-chiao Su)，2013
〈兼容並蓄或拼裝上路？—從內閣制與總統制優劣辯論檢視半總統制的利弊〉。《臺灣民主季刊》，第10卷，第4期，頁1-47。(A Beneficial Combination or A Detrimental Mixture? Evaluating the Effect of Semi-Presidentialism on the Basis of the Debates on the Virtues and Vices of Presidentialism and Parliamentarism)
Chang, Alex Chuan-Hsien and Yu-Tzung Chang, 2009
Rational Choices and Irrational Results: The DPP's Institutional Choice in Taiwan's Electoral Reform. Issues & Studies, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 23-60.
Fell, Dafydd, 2012.
Government and Politics in Taiwan. Chap. 4.
Hsieh, John Fuh-Sheng, 2006
Institutional Design for a Mildly Divided Society: The Case of Taiwan. Issues & Studies, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 81-102.
------, 2009
The Origins and Consequences of Electoral Reform in Taiwan. Issues & Studies, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 1-22.
Lin, Jih-Wen, 2007
Why Did Electoral Reforms Create Unfair Electoral Systems in East Asia. Paper presented in International Conference on the After the Third Wave: Problems and Challenges for the New Democracies. August 13th -14th, 2007, Taipei: Taiwan.
Rigger, Shelley, 2011
The Politics of Constitutional Reform in Taiwan. In Robert Ash, John W. Garver, and Penelope B. Prime, eds., Taiwan’s Democracy: Economic and Political Challenges. London: Routledge, pp. 37-50.
Roy, Denny, 2003
Martial Law and Kuomintang Domination. In Denny Roy, Taiwan: A Political History. Ithaca, NY.: Cornell University Press, chap. 4, pp. 75-104.
Shen, 2011
Semi-presidentialism in Taiwan A Shadow of the Constitution of the Weimar Republic. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, volume 7, no. 1: 135-152.
Shugart, Matther Søberg, 2005
Comparative Electoral Systems Research: The Maturation of a Field and New Challenges Ahead.. In M. Gallgher and P. Mitchell, eds., The Politics of Electoral Systems. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, pp. 25-55.
Tien, Hung-Mao and Tun-Jen Cheng, 1999
Crafting Democratic Institutions. In Steve Tsang and Hung-Mao Tien, eds., Democratization in Taiwan: Implications for China. MacMillan Press Ltd., pp. 23-48.
Wu, Yu-Shan and Jung-Hsiang Tsai, 2008
Taiwan: Democratic Consolidation under Presidential Supremacy. Taipei, Taiwan : Institute of Political Science, Academia Sinica.
Yu, Ching-hsin and Yu-cheng Chang, 2009
Disproportionality under the Mixed-member System in Taiwan’s Legislative Election of 2008. Japanese Journal of Electoral Studies 25 (2): 119-130.
＜weak 6 to 8: parties and party system＞
Cheng, Tun-jen, 1989
Democratizing the Quasi-Leninist Regime in Taiwan. World Politics 41(4): 471-499. In Dafydd Fell, ed., (2008) The Politics of Modern Taiwan II. NY: Routledge, pp. 3-29.
Dickson, Bruce J., 1996
The Kuomintang before Democratization: Organizational Change and the Role of Elections. In Hung-mao Tien, ed., Taiwan’s Electoral Politics and Democratic Transition. NY: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., pp. 42-78.
Fell, Dafydd, 2011
More or Less Space for Identity in Taiwan’s Party Politics? In Gunter Schubert and Jens Damm (eds.), Taiwanese Identity in the Twenty-first Century. New York, NY.: Routledge, pp. 95-112.
Fell, Dafydd and Yen-Wen Peng, 2017
The Revival of Taiwan’s Green Party after 2008. In Dafydd Fell, ed., Taiwan’s Social Movements under Ma Ying-Jeou: From the Wild Strawberries to the Sunflowers. London: Routledge, pp. 177-198.
Lin, Chung-chu, 2006
The Evolution of Party Images and Party System in Taiwan, 1992-2004. East Asia: An International Quarterly 23(1): 27-46. In Dafydd Fell, ed., (2008) The Politics of Modern Taiwan IV. NY: Routledge, pp. 78-99.
Lu, Alexander Ya-li, 1992
Political Opposition in Taiwan: The Development of the Democratic Progressive Party. In Tun-jen Cheng and Stephan Haggard, eds., Political Change in Taiwan. Boulder, Col.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 121-146.
Rigger, Shelley, 1999
Politics in Taiwan: Voting for Democracy. Chap.3 (Party-state Authoritarianism in the Pre-reform Era, 1945-1972), NY: Routledge, pp. 55-80.
Schubert, Gunter and Stefan Brain, 2011
How to Face an Embracing China? The DPP’s Identity Politics and Cross-Strait Relations during and after the Chen Shui-bian Era. In Gunter Schubert and Jens Damm (eds.), Taiwanese Identity in the Twenty-first Century. New York, NY.: Routledge, pp. 72-94.
Tien, Hung-mao, 1992
Transformation of an Authoritarian Party State: Taiwan’s Development Experience. In Tun-jen Cheng and Stephan Haggard, eds., Political Change in Taiwan. Boulder, Col.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 33-55.
Wu, Yu-Shan, 2011
The Evolution of the KMT’s Stance on the One China Principle: National Identity in flux. In Gunter Schubert and Jens Damm (eds.), Taiwanese Identity in the Twenty-first Century. New York, NY.: Routledge, pp. 51-71.
Yu, Ching-hsin, 2005
The Evolving Party System in Taiwan, 1995-2004. Journal of Asian and African Studies 40(1/2): 105-123. In Dafydd Fell, ed., (2008) The Politics of Modern Taiwan IV. NY: Routledge, pp. 58-77.
＜weak 9 to 11: electoral politics＞
Achen, Christopher H. and T. Y. Wang, 2017
Conclusion: the Power of Identity in Taiwan. In Christopher Achen and T. Y. Wang, (eds.), The Taiwan Voter. MI.: University of Michigan Press, pp. 273-292.
Chao, Linda and Ramon H. Myers, 2000
How Elections Promoted Democracy in Taiwan Under Martial Law. The China Quarterly, Special Issue: Elections and Democracy in Greater China 162: 387-409. In Dafydd Fell, ed., (2008) The Politics of Modern Taiwan II. NY: Routledge, pp. 67-90.
Copper, John F., 2009
Transitioning from the CHEN Shui-bian to the MA Ying-jeou Presidency: The State of Democratization in Taiwan. In Seyom Brown, Cal Clark, Hiroki Takeuchi, and Alex Tan, eds., Taiwan at a Turning Point. Baltimore, MD.: University of Maryland School of Law, pp. 4-21.
Diamond, Larry, 2001
Anatomy of an Electoral Earthquake: How the KMT Lost and the DPP Won the 2000 Presidential election. In Muthiah Alagppa, ed., Taiwan’s Presidential Politics: Democratization and Cross-Strait Relations in the Twenty-first Century. New York: M. E. Sharpe, pp. 48-87.
Dickson, Bruce, 2001
Taiwan’s Democratization: What Lessons for China?. In Muthiah Alagppa, ed., Taiwan’s Presidential Politics: Democratization and Cross-Strait Relations in the Twenty-first Century. New York: M. E. Sharpe, pp. 115-132.
Fell, Dafydd, 2002
Party Platform Change in Taiwan’s 1990s Elections. Issues & Studies, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 31-60.
Fell, Dafydd, 2016
The China Impact on Taiwan’s Elections: Cross-Strait Economic Integration through the Lens of Election Advertising. In Gunter Schubert, ed., Taiwan and the ‘China Factor’: Challenges and Opportunities. London: Routledge, pp. 53-69.
Lay, Jinn-Guey, Ko-Hua Yap and Yu-Wen Chen, 2008
Transition of Taiwan's Political Geography. Asian Survey, vol. 48, no. 5 (September/October 2008), pp. 773-793
Lee, Wei-chin, 2011
Mediated Politics in Taiwan Political Talk Shows and Democracy. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, vol. 7, no. 2: 49-67.
Lin, Chiung-Chu, 2008
The Role of Issue in Taiwan’s Politics, 1996-2004. Issues & Studies, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 71-104.
Rampal, Kuldip Roy, 2011
The Media’s “Public Sphere” for Civil Society in Taiwan’s Democratic Consolidation. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, volume 7, no. 2: 69-93
Rawnsley, Gary and Qian Gong, 2012
Political Communications in Democratic Taiwan: The Relationship Between Politicians and Journalists. In Wengang Tang and Shanto Iyengar, eds., Political Communication in China: Convergence or Divergence Between the Media and Political System. London: Routledge.
Rigger, Shelley, 1999
Politics in Taiwan: Voting for Democracy. Chap.2 (Learning to Vote: The Origins of Taiwan’s Electoral System), NY: Routledge, pp. 34-54.
------, 1999
Politics in Taiwan: Voting for Democracy. Chap. 4 (Electoral Mobilization in the Pre-reform Era, 1945-1972), NY: Routledge, pp. 81-102
Sullivan, Jonathan, 2008
Campaign Advertising and Democracy in Taiwan. The China Quarterly, no. 196 (Dec., 2008), pp. 900-911.
Sullivan, Jonathan and Eliyahu Sapir, 2012
Nasty or Nice? Explaining Positive and Negative Campaign Behavior in Taiwan. The China Journal, no. 67 (January 2012), pp. 149-170.
Tien, Hung-mao, 1996
Elections and Taiwan’s Democratic Development. In Hung-mao Tien, ed., Taiwan’s Electoral Politics and Democratic Transition. NY: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., pp. 3-26.
Wang, T. Y., Su-Feng Cheng, and Lu-Huei Chen, 2009
Deep-Green Supporters and Political Tolerance in Taiwan: An Analysis of Kennedy's Hypothesis. Issues & Studies, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 1-30.
Wang, T. Y, 2017
Changing Boundaries: The Development of the Taiwan Voter’s Identity. In Christopher Achen and T. Y. Wang, (eds.), The Taiwan Voter. MI.: University of Michigan Press, pp. 45-70.
＜weak 12 to 15: political/identity issues＞
Beckershoff, André, 2017
The Sunflower Movement: Origins, Structures, and Strategies of Taiwan’s Resistance Against the ‘Black Box.’ In Dafydd Fell, ed., Taiwan’s Social Movements under Ma Ying-Jeou: From the Wild Strawberries to the Sunflowers. London: Routledge, pp. 113-133.
Chang, Bi-Yu, 2004
From Taiwanisation to De-sinification: Culture Construction in Taiwan since the 1990s. China Perspectives, No. 56, Special Edition TAIWAN: New governments, old themes, or the persistence of continuity (NOVEMBER - DECEMBER), pp. 34-44.
Chang, G. Andy and T. Y. Wang, 2005
Taiwanese or Chinese? Independence or Unification?: An Analysis of Generational Differences in Taiwan. Journal of Asian and African Studies (April) 40: 29-49.
Chu, Yun-han, and Jih-wen Lin, 2001
Political Development in 20th Century Taiwan: State-Building, Regime Transformation and the Construction of National Identity. The China Quarterly 165: 102-129. In Dafydd Fell, ed., (2008) The Politics of Modern Taiwan I. NY: Routledge, pp. 25-53.
Deng, Jian-Bang, 2016
Taiwan’s Immigration Policy and the China Impact: the Case of Cross-Strait Families. In Gunter Schubert, ed., Taiwan and the ‘China Factor’: Challenges and Opportunities. London: Routledge, pp. 215-238.
Dittmer, Lowell, 2005
Taiwan’s Aim-Inhibited Quest for Identity and the China Factor. Journal of Asian and African Studies (April)40: 71-90.
Grano Simona, 2017
The Evolution of the Anti-Nuclear Movement in Taiwan since 2008. In Dafydd Fell, ed., Taiwan’s Social Movements under Ma Ying-Jeou: From the Wild Strawberries to the Sunflowers. London: Routledge, pp. 154-176.
Gold, Thomas B., 1993
Taiwan’s Quest for Identity in the Shadow of China. In Steve Tsang (ed.), In the Shadow of China: Political Development in Taiwan since 1949. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 169-192. In Dafydd Fell, ed., (2008) The Politics of Modern Taiwan I. NY: Routledge, pp. 25-53.
He, Yinan, 2010
Competing Narratives, Identity Politics, and Cross-Strait Reconciliation. Asian Perspective, Vol. 34, No. 4, Special Issue on Seeking Political Reconciliation: Case Studies in Asia (2010), pp. 45-83
Ho, Ming-sho, 2006
Challenging State Corporatism: The Politics of Taiwan's Labor Federation Movement. The China Journal, No. 56 (July), pp. 107-127.
Ho, Ming-sho, 2010
Manufacturing Loyalty: The Political Mobilization of Labor in Taiwan, 1950–1986. Modern China, Vol. 36, No. 6 (November), pp. 559-588.
Hsieh, John Fuh-sheng, 2005
Ethnicity, National Identity, and Domestic Politics in Taiwan. Journal of Asian and African Studies (April)40: 13-28.
Huang, Chi, 2005
Dimensions of Taiwanese/Chinese Identity and National Identity in Taiwan: A Latent Class Analysis. Journal of Asian and African Studies (April) 40: 51-70.
Huang, Jing, 2017
Xi Jinping’s Taiwan Policy: Boxing Taiwan In with the One-China Framework. In Lowell Dittmer, ed., Taiwan and China. University of California Press, pp. 239-248.
Jiang, Yi-huah, 2017
Taiwan’s National Identity and Cross-Strait Relations. In Lowell Dittmer, ed., Taiwan and China. University of California Press, pp. 19-41.
Kastner, Scott L. 2006
Does Economic Integration Across the Taiwan Strait Make Military Conflict Less Likely? Journal of East Asian Studies, Vol. 6, No. 3 (September-December), pp. 319-346.
Katz, R. Paul, 2003
Religion and the State in Post-War Taiwan. The China Quarterly, No. 174, Religion in China Today (Jun), pp. 395-412.
Keng, Shu and Emmy Ruihua Lin, 2017
Mingling but Not Merging: Changes and Continuities in the Identity of Taiwanese in Mainland China. In Lowell Dittmer, ed., Taiwan and China. University of California Press, pp. 61-74.
Lin, Ping, 2016
Taiwanese Youth in Mainland China: Fragile Identity in the Shadow of China. In Gunter Schubert, ed., Taiwan and the ‘China Factor’: Challenges and Opportunities. London: Routledge, pp. 239-257.
Lo, Sonny Shiu-Hing, 2008
The Politics of Controlling "Heidao" and Corruption in Taiwan. Asian Affairs, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 59-79.
Madsen, Richard, 2007
Tzu Chi: The Modernization of Buddhist Compassion. In Ricahrd Madsen’s Democracy's Daharma: Religious Renaissance and Political Development in Taiwan. Berkeley, LA., University of California Press, chap. 1 and Chap. 2.
Madsen, Richard, 2007
Buddha's Light Mountain: The Buddhist Contribution to Democratic Civil Religion. In Ricahrd Madsen’s Democracy's Daharma: Religious Renaissance and Political Development in Taiwan. Berkeley, LA., University of California Press, chap. 1 and Chap. 3.
Saunders, Phillip C. and Scott L. Kastner, 2009
Bridge over Troubled Water? Envisioning a China-Taiwan Peace Agreement. International Security, Vol. 33, No. 4(Spring), pp. 87-114
Schubert, Gunter, 2005
Taiwan’s Political Parties and National Identity. Asian Survey 44(4): 534-554. In Dafydd Fell, ed., (2008) The Politics of Modern Taiwan III. NY: Routledge, pp. 145- 165.
Shih, Cheng-feng and Mumin Chen, 2010
Taiwanese Identity and the Memories of 2-28: A Case for Political Reconciliation. Asian Perspective, Vol. 34, No. 4, Special Issue on Seeking Political Reconciliation: Case Studies in Asia (2010), pp. 85-113.
Wachman, Alan M., 1994
Competiting Identities in Taiwan. In Murray Rubinstein (ed.), The Other Taiwan: 1945 to the Present. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, pp. 17-80. In Dafydd Fell, ed., (2008) The Politics of Modern Taiwan I. NY: Routledge, pp. 126-192.
Wang, Hong-Zen, 2001
Ethnicized Social Mobility in Taiwan: Mobility Patterns among Owners of Small- and Medium-Scale Businesses. Modern China, Vol. 27, No. 3 (July), pp. 328-358
Wu, Yu-Shan, 2013
From Identity to Distribution: Paradigm Shift in Taiwan Politics. Paper presented at the 55th Annual Conference of the American Association for Chinese Studies, The State University of New Jersey at Rutgers, New Brunswick, New Jersey, October 11-13.
＜weak 16 to 18: comparisons and future observations＞
Chang, Mau-Kuei Michael, 2008
Taiwanese Nationalism and Democratic Values. In Peter C. Y. Chow, ed., The “One China” Dilemma. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 99-115
Dittmer, Lowell, 2017
Taiwan and the Waning Dream of Reunification. In Lowell Dittmer, ed., Taiwan and China. University of California Press, pp. 283-300.
Eunju Chi and Hyeok Yong Kwon , 2012
Unequal New Democracies in East Asia: Rising Inequality and Government Responses in South Korea and Taiwan. Asian Survey, vol. 52, no. 5 (September/October 2012), pp. 900-923.
Fell, Dafydd, 2012.
Government and Politics in Taiwan. Chap. 13.
Friedman, Edward, 2013
China’s Ambitions, America’s Interests, Taiwan’s Destiny, and Asia’s Future. Asian Survey, vol. 53, no. 2 (March/April 2013), pp. 225-244.
Ho, Ming-sho and Chen-Shuo Hong, 2012
Challenging New Conservative Regimes in South Korea and Taiwan. Asian Survey, vol. 52, no. 4 (July/August 2012), pp. 643-665
Jacobs, J. Bruce, 2007
Taiwan and South Korea: Comparing East Asia’s Two “Third-Wave” Democracies. Issues & Studies, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 227-260.
Keng, Shu, Lu-Huei Chen and Kuan-Po Huang, 2006
Sense, Sensitivity, and Sophistication in Shaping the Future of Cross-Strait Relations. Issues & Studies, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 23-66.
Keng, Shu and Gunter Schubert, 2010
Agents of Taiwan-China Unification? The Political Roles of Taiwanese Business People in the Process of Cross-Strait Integration. Asian Survey, vol. 50, no. 2 (March/April 2010), pp. 287-310 (Also see Gunter Schubert, 2016. Facing the Dragon and Riding the Tiger. In Gunter Schubert, ed., Taiwan and the ‘China Factor’: Challenges and Opportunities. London: Routledge, pp. 91-109.
Keng, Shu, 2011
Understanding Integration and “Spillover” across the Taiwan Strait: towards and Analytical Framework. In Gunter Schubert and Jens Damm (eds.), Taiwanese Identity in the Twenty-first Century. New York, NY.: Routledge, pp. 155-175.
Liu, Frank C. S. and Francis L. F. Lee, 2013
Country, National, and Pan-national Identification in Taiwan and Hong Kong: Standing Together as Chinese? Asian Survey, vol. 53, no. 6 (November/December 2013), pp. 1112-1134.
Rigger, Shelley, 2016
The China Impact on Taiwan’s Generational Politics. In Gunter Schubert, ed., Taiwan and the ‘China Factor’: Challenges and Opportunities. London: Routledge, pp. 70-90.
Saunders, Phillip C. And Scott L., 2009
Bridge over Troubled Water?Envisioning a China-Taiwan Peace Agreement. International Security, vol. 33, no. 4 (Spring 2009), pp. 87–114.
Stockton, Hans, 2008
National Identity, International Image, and a Security Dilemma: The Case of Taiwan. In Peter C. Y. Chow, ed., The “One China” Dilemma. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 99-115
Sutter, Karen M. 2002
Business Dynamism across the Taiwan Strait: The Implications for Cross-Strait Relations. Asian Survey, Vol. 42, No. 3 (May/June 2002), pp. 522-540.
Wong, Kevin Tze Wai, 2010
The Emergence of Class Cleavages in Taiwan in the Twenty-First Century: The Impact of Cross-Strait Economic Integration. Issues & Studies, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 127-172.
Wu, Yu-Shan, 2001
Comparing Third-Wave Democracies: East Central Europe and the ROC. Issues & Studies, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 1-37.
Zheng, Zhenqing, 2013
Taiwan’s Wealth Gap and the Evolution of Electoral Politics after the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. Asian Survey, vol. 53, no. 5 (September/October 2013), pp. 825-853.
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